I think the conflict here is that Scout and Jem are being insulted because their father is defending a black man, Tom Robinson, in court against a white woman, Mayella Ewell. The townspeople are unable to see past the traditional norms and racist ideologies that they cling to.
“Come on, Scout,” he whispered. “Don’t pay any attention to her, just hold your head high and be a gentleman.”(Lee 135) At this moment Jem Is making the decision to rise above and be the bigger person, advising scout to ignore the rude and insulting things Mrs. Dubose is saying about them and blatantly insulting their father.
Jem and Scout being children during this interaction are different than if they were adults because as a child they struggle to see right from wrong and can take things to heart. They also know that they might have gotten in trouble with Atticus if they were to offend or cross Mrs. Dubose. This changes their options in their decision to rise above because had they been adults they would be able to speak freely without fear of consequences from Atticus.
This is a very impactful moment because Jem decides to listen to Atticus and remain gentleman despite Mrs. Dubose’s insults. However, Jem is only a child and lets his emotions get the best of him, and in the following days after more rude comments from Mrs. Dubose he goes and cuts off the tops of all of Mrs. Dubose’s Camellia bushes.
I think that Jem and Scout will learn from this and encounter more instances of being insulted and taunted because of Atticus’s role in defending a Black man. I think this because Atticus explains the importance of remaining respectful and that even though someone insults you, it's not an invitation to put even more hate into the world.