Reading Response #7

"Atticus was leaving the post office when Mr. Ewell approached him, cursed him, spat on him, and threatened to kill him."(Lee 248) I think this quote is a type of individual discrimination. Mr. Ewell saw Atticus came up to him and did all these terrible based on the fact of them facing off in court. I think this action was truly based on MR. Ewell's morals and probably made him feel better, even though he won in court Atticus had to talk down on him and his client in order to do his job. "In our courts, when it's a white man's word against a black man's, the white man always wins. They're ugly, but those are the facts of life."(Lee 251,252) I think this quote is a type of Cultural discrimination. Back in their time of day whites and blacks did not have equal rights, and that was just how it was. And by Atticus saying this, it proves the fact is cultured because blacks couldn't win even if they tried. I think in a way this quote shows morals for the rich white men. Not everyone believes blacks are less than whites, and not everyone is racist they are just growing up in that type of situation. But because of the amount of rich white men and the power they have, I think this would've made them all feel just as more powerful. I think the tone these two quotes give off is powerful. these two quotes both show a part in the book where someone is overcoming something else or someone is minimizing or hurting someone else. 

"Atticus's eyes filled with tears."(Lee 244) This quote shows the cultural discrimination Atticus felt from the trial. The African American community in Maycomb recognized this and left food for him."Mr.Ewell approached him, cursed him,spat on him,and threatend to kill him."(Lee 248) This shows individual discrimination. Mr.Ewell directly acted this way and did this because of the fact that he helped a black man on trial for a lie him and his daughter told. These two quotes work together to create tension. While reading I was unsurprised that what happened to Tom actually happened, similarly to how the town reacted.

"Every one of 'em oughta be ridin' broomsticks. Aunt Rachel already does" (Lee 247). This would be an example of individual discrimination because Dill explains how he thinks of everyone in the town as what seems to be witches. He specifically points out his aunt meaning she is probably mean to him and crazy so he thinks she is a witch. This quote can reinforce someones morals by if someone like his aunt heard it, she would probably feel hurt and offended by what he has just said to her because witches are known for being crazy looking women who ride around on broomsticks with dark powers. "Tom Robinson's a colored man, Jem" (Lee 250). This quote I would say is cultural discrimination because it is targeting the African american community and how their is just a stereotype that all black men are bad. It shows when Atticus explains to Jem that there was nothing they could do because Black people have it harder in court just because of their skin color. This rein enforces someones moral because it affects Jem because he doesn't fully understand that colored people in town have a harder time living because they have to be careful and they are probably scared sometimes walking around a white dominant community. I think the two tones are completely unique to their own kind. The first quote is more targeted towards everyone and it is more of a joke on how Dill sees people sometimes while the second quote actually has more meaning to it because it shows an everyday struggle that color people have to go through. But they both connected together because they are both examples of discrimination. 

"Atticus's eyes filled with tears. He did not speak for a moment. 'Tell them I'm very grateful,' he said. 'Tell them-tell them they must never do this again. Times are too hard..."' (Lee, 244). This shows the cultural discrimination Atticus felt during the aftermath of the trial. The African American community gave them enough food to "bury the family", as it was described. It's cultural discrimination, because as we know, Atticus is a lawyer who had to defend a black man, and that is the problem. A white man defending a black man was looked at as a social stigma. "Tom Robinson's a colored man, Jem" (Lee, 250). This is cultural discrimination because of the way colored people were looked at back then and how racist society was. These build off of each other showing how the African American community was nice to Atticus and his family in the events after the trial, despite knowing they could get in serious trouble, and then explaining Tom Robinson is a colored man, and showing society is racist and not accepting of colored people, as they were and sometimes still are viewed as outsiders or "not one of us" in the eye of society. Also, they are related, as they are both examples of the same type of discrimination, just differently shown. 

"Atticus was leaving the post office when Mr. Ewell approached him, cursed him, spat on him, and threatened to kill him."(Lee 248) This is individual discrimination because Ewell is targetting Atticus because of the trial. Ewell is an angry man who is seeking revenge for anyone who testified against him. Atticus's moral is to always do the right thing, keeping composure and having courage. "why don't people like us and Miss Maudie ever sit on juries? "There are lots of reasons. For one thing, Miss Maudie can't serve on a jury because she's a woman--" (Lee 252) This is Individual and Institutional discrimination because it's intended to have an impact on women. Jem wondered why women weren't allowed to be on juries because he thinks that it should be allowed because of his morals, people like Miss Maudie are honest and don't judge others. I think the tones of each quote show the unfair rules or judgments happening in the community. The negative tension that Jem and the kids have to learn is big in this story because of the different kinds of discrimination happening. 

1." Mr.Bob Ewell stopped Atticus on the front office corner, spat in his face, and told him he'd get him if it took the rest of his life" (Lee 247) Example of individual discrimination 2. "In our courts, when it's a white man's word against a black man's, the white man always wins. They're ugly, but those are the facts of life"(Lee 251-252) cultural discrimination because of the court separate whites from black by saying that white men are always right and always win no matter the case. Tom going to jail I feel kind of boosted the townspeople's morale only because most of the two did not believe him and believed he was lying. And I think everyone in the town knows how good of a lawyer Atticus is, so there was some fear to everyone that tom may have won. This quote put off a sad or solemn tone because Atticus was hoping that if the won the jury,maybe people of Maycomb would start to change their minds and stop judging if someone is right or telling the trough based on the their skin

"Mr.Bob Ewell stopped Atticus on the post office corner,spat in his face,and told him he'd get him if it took the rest of his life." (Lee 247) I think this is individual discrimination. Mr Ewell did this because they were on opposing side in court. An Atticus said that Mr.Ewell hurt his daughter. I also think that he felt a little better after this even though he won in court. "Tom Robinson's a colored man, Jem." (Lee 250) I think that this is cultural discrimination because in this town some people think that black people are bad because of there skin color. This affects Jems morals because he still doesn't really understand how much harder black peoples lives are living in this town and time period. 

“Every one of ‘em oughta be ridin’ broomsticks. Aunt Rachel already does.” (Lee 247). Because Dill describes everyone in the community as what appears to be witches, this would be an example of individual discrimination. He especially mentions his Aunt, implying that she is probably cruel to him and insane, leading him to believe she is a witch. This comment can strengthen one's principles, but if his aunt heard it, she would be wounded and outraged by what he had just said about her, because witches are known for being strange-looking ladies who ride around on broomsticks and wield wicked powers. “Tom Robinson’s a colored man, Jem” (Lee 250). This comment, in my opinion, is cultural prejudice because it is directed against the African-American population and the notion that all black men are wicked. It's evident when Atticus tells Jem that there was little they could do because Black people have more difficulties in court just because of their skin color. This reinforces someone's moral because it impacts Jem because he doesn't completely get that colored people in town have a harder time surviving because they must be cautious and are probably afraid at times walking around a white-dominated community. I believe the two tones are absolutely distinct from one another. The first quote is more general and is more of a jest about how Dill sees people at times, however the second quote has more meaning because it depicts a daily battle that Black people face. However, they are linked since they are both instances of discrimination.

"Atticus was leaving the post office when Mr. Ewell approached him, cursed him, spat on him, and threatened to kill him."(Lee 248) This is indivual discrimination because he is targeting him personally. 

"why don't people like us and Miss Maudie ever sit on juries? "There are lots of reasons. For one thing, Miss Maudie can't serve on a jury because she's a woman--" (Lee 252) This is gender discrimination because he said she shouldn't serve on the jury just because she is a woman.

Although I will discuss two different types of discrimination, they both have the same roots. The first quote I chose was when '...Atticus was leaving the post office when Mr. Ewell approached him, cursed him, spat on him, and threatened to kill him... "Too proud to fight, you ******-lovin' bastard?"' (Lee, 248, Individual Discrimination) What the man is referring to is the trial. Atticus' job was to defend Tom Robinson, a black man, in court. The name he called him was extremely rude, and clear that people of the town do not like that race. Although it is rooted in cultural discrimination, it is more so individual because he talks about Atticus as a person, defending Tom. It feels very frowned upon to be on the side of a black man. It's not just Bob that thinks this way, it's just about the whole communities opinion. Atticus says it himself. "In our courts, when it's a white man's word against a black man's, the white always wins. They're ugly, but those are the facts of life." (Lee, 251 and 2, Cultural Discrimination) This is more cultural discrimination because Atticus talks about "men" as in multiple people, or specific cultures as a whole. This brings the roots full circle. If you defend them or not, they won't win. They are clearly disliked by most. These morals don't seem to be individual. Atticus' family and a few others are outliers, but the rest are racist. It is clearly represented in the reference to the court systems and in the exchanges Atticus has been through. 

¨Atticus eyes filled with tears. He did not speak for a moment.¨(Lee 244) This is a perfect example of cultural discrimination, Atticus was just trying to help this African american from being wrongly accused, because of the fact he was African american he got, spit on, mobs were attacking him, and threatening to kill him. He got overwhelmed and started to cry from being in this position after the trial, the African american community gave him food to thank him for doing that.¨Tom Robinson´s a black man, Jem (Lee 250) Jem was asking questions about the case and why he is doing this case and explains to Jem that because he is a colored man that African american men have a harder time in court just because of the color of there skin and how its not fair that the community is like that, I think that is an example of individual discrimination in this cause but it could also be cultural.

" . . . but in the secret courts of men's hearts Atticus had no case. Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed." (Lee 276) : Institutional Discrimination towards people of color 

This quote is very telling of the worlds outlook as a whole. Even someone as young as Scout can understand that the system is fundamentally rigged and biased towards white people. Other interactions in the book also cement that even through Atticus's optimism, Tom Robinson was not likely to make it out of his sentence, Tom's attempted escape highlights this.

"But I liked them. . . . there was something I instinctively liked... they weren't-- 'Hypocrites . . .'" (Lee 266) : Individual Discrimination towards woman 

This is interesting to me especially because it gives us an inside look on how biases form from a young impressionable age. Our morals and ideals form around the people who influence us and the surroundings we're in, Scout is perfect at showing this because we know that little kids are especially mold able and experiences (possibly her lack of mother figure) are very formative and can leave a permanent impression. 

These moments aren't related to each other really at all, but they help establish a theme we've seen throughout the book. Scout is such a good protagonist because she shows us a neutral perspective in a sea of those who are far from it, the best protagonists make characters who ask questions and learn new things. She shows us how early childhood memories and events shape and mold us as people more than it may appear, and more than we may remember. 

"Nome, just a lady." Miss Stephanie eyed me suspiciously, decided I meant no impertinence, and contented herself with, "Well, you won't get very far until you start wearing dresses more often."(Lee 263). This would be an example of cultural discrimination- due to Scott being a female she is expected to look and act a certain way. During this time a woman's place was being a mother and in the kitchen; anything else was unacceptable. 

"It ain't right, Atticus," said Jem. "No son, it's not right." (lee 242) This is another example of cultural discrimination. Just because Tom is a person of color he gets a guilty verdict, even though there isn't enough evidence for the jury to do so.

The tone that both of these quotes give is if you don't fit into society's standards you will be shunned/outcasted. 

1." Mr.Bob Ewell stopped Atticus on the front office corner, spat in his face, and told him he'd get him if it took the rest of his life" (Lee 247) this is discrimination because he knows that he's going to win just because it's a white man's word against a black man's word. 2. "In our courts, when it's a white man's word against a black man's, the white man always wins. They're ugly, but those are the facts of life"(Lee 251-252) this is cultural discrimination because the court separates the two races and basically says that white is a better race.

“Miss Maudie replied, recognizing Jem’s fatalistic noises, “you are not old enough to appreciate what I said.”(Lee, Pg. 246) In this quote, we see a form of individual discrimination, that targets a young kid like Jem. Miss Maudie believes that because Jem is young and hasn't been faced with all the ugly in the world, he can’t appreciate what she says about Atticus. This reinforces the idea that Miss Maudie believes it’s morally wrong for a kid to act like they can understand what it’s like to be an adult, or how an adult feels. “She’s trying to make you a lady. Can’t you take up sewin’ or something?”(Lee, Pg. 257) Here we see that Scout is faced with individual discrimination due to her sex. Scout doesn’t fit the societal norm of being a lady, and wants to invite a Cunningham to her house. She is asked why she just can’t sew, which is a generic hobby of a woman during that time. Jem’s morals are relatively consistent with society's, as he also believes that girls should take part in “feminine” hobbies and activities. The two quotes work together to create a tone in the story that is rather demeaning. In both of these quotes, one character is talking down to another character, making them feel lesser than they are. We often see this type of tone in To Kill a Mockingbird. Generally, an adult making a kid feel like they can’t have an opinion, or making them feel like they should act differently to be the way society expects them to be.

" "In our courts, when it's a white man's word against a black man's, the white man always wins. They're ugly, but those are the facts of life." " (Lee 251-252) This quote from Atticus is a clear example of the cultural discrimination that was normalized in society at that time. From the last part of the quote, where he says they're ugly facts, we can tell that Atticus doesn't approve of the way it works but is still able to acknowledge that it is how it is. " "What was one Negro, more or less, among two hundred of 'em?" " (Lee 269) This is also cultural discrimination, where Atticus describes what he believes is the thought process of the guards who killed Tom. It highlights the fact that to them, his death was insignificant because he's black. Similar to the first quote, both show that black people were considered to be lesser in comparison to white people. Both give a helpless kind of tone to the story-- Atticus trying and trying to save him and help him and falling short each time because of the prejudice against black people. 

"...she's just seein' too many snakes in the closet. But that woman drinks a pint for breakfast every morning-know she drinks two glasses full. seen her"' (244 Lee)  This highlights discrimination because Dill is discriminating Miss Alexandra because he doesn't like her and he is trying to say how he is telling the truth and even if it is the truth he is still technically discriminating here.  This quote also reinforces Dill moral because he is just getting things out of his mind there for in the long run being better off.

"'Who in this town did one thing to help Tom Robinson, just who?" (pg.246 Lee)  Even though this isn't as obvious of a discrimination because Jem is discriminating on everyone in the town for not helping or doing anything to help Tom Robinson.  This quote reinforces Jem's moral because little more in the book she goes onto notice that people actully did help him and that should make her a little more happy.

I think that both of these quotes from the book give a tone of anger and also a tone of frustration because it seems that they are angry about how the trail went and are kinda taking it out on other things/people.  The relationship between the two quotes is that Dill and Jem even though talking about different things still have anger in there tone.

"Atticus was leaving the post office when Mr. Ewell approached him, cursed him, spat on him, and threatened to kill him(Lee 248)."  This is an example of Individual Discrimination because Mr. Ewell went to him only to say and do disrespectful actions and he did this because Atticus was someone who opposed him.  This Quote shows Mr. Ewell boosting his morals that black people must be treated differently and anyone who helps black should be treated poorly.  

"Atticus's eyes filled with tears.  he did not speak for a moment  Tell them I'm very grateful, he said.  Tell them --- Tell them they must never do this again.  Times are too hard.... (Lee 244)."  This is an example of Cultural Discrimination because the court case went the way it did because Tom is black and because of the case Atticus was going through hard times, The black community saw how Atticus was behaving and decided to leave some food for him on his doorstep.  This quote reinforces the morals of blacks because they provide people who helped them with respect and giving food is a sign of respect from them.  

The connection between these quotes is like the yin and yang symbol.  The top quote is the yin where Mr. Ewell is disrespectful and tries to discourage and let Atticus know he dislikes his choices.  The bottom quote is the yang where the black community came together and gave Atticus food as a symbol of respect because Atticus stood up in court for one of their own.

"Atticus's eyes filled with tears.  he did not speak for a moment  Tell them I'm very grateful, he said.  Tell them --- Tell them they must never do this again.  Times are too hard.... (Lee 244)." This is a example of cultural discrimination. This shows how the decision in court made Atticus feel knowing it was because of the color of there skin that the decision went the way it did. 

"What was one Negro, more or less, among two hundred of 'em?" " (Lee 269) This also shows Cultural discrimination. This shows what Atticus believes is the thought process in which the guards who killed Tom have. This quote really shows how the guards felt that his death didn't matter because he was black. 

Both of these quotes show that black people are thought of as lesser than white people. Both of these quotes make the tone of the story sad yet aggravating because Atticus is trying and trying but yet it doesn't seem to matter.